Abies grandis

Grand fir was the "snub" tree commonly used as a rope anchor on the south side of Mount Hood in Oregon. The anchor was used to control the descent of covered wagons down steep pitches on the alternate route of the Oregon Trail known as the "Barlow Road."  Some of the rope-burned trees were still standing 150+ years later.
Photo Credit: © USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database.
Abies grandis
Common Name: grand fir
Other Common Names: giant fir, lowland white fir, silver fir, yellow fir
Plant Functional Group: Evergreen conifer
Class > Order > Family: Pinopsida > Pinales > Pinaceae
What does the species look like?

Grand fir is an evergreen, coniferous tree growing 130 to 200 feet tall or more. Male and female cones are present on the same tree. The small, blue, red, purple, orange, yellow, or green male cones bear pollen; the larger, erect, female cones mature and become light green to yellowish-green, dark blue, deep purple to greenish-purple to gray. Cone production begins when the tree matures at about 20 to 50 years of age, and pollination occurs by wind.

Grand fir dominates moderately moist habitats and grows on a wide variety of soils but prefers streamside alluvium and deep, nutrient-rich valley bottoms. It is also found on mountain slopes and their shallow, exposed soils when moisture is adequate. It is moderately drought- and shade-tolerant.
Where is the species found?
States & Provinces
BC, CA, ID, MT, OR, WA
Which phenophases should I observe?
Do you see...?
Needles Breaking needle buds
One or more breaking needle buds are visible on the plant. A needle bud is considered "breaking" once a green needle tip is visible at the end of the bud, but before the first needle from the bud has unfolded and spread away at an angle from the developing stem.
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How many buds are breaking?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Young needles
One or more young, unfolded needles are visible on the plant. A needle is considered "young" and "unfolded" once it has spread away from the developing stem enough that its point of attachment to the stem is visible, but before it has reached full size or turned the darker green color or tougher texture of mature needles on the plant.

How many young needles are present?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Pollen cones Pollen cones
One or more fresh, male pollen cones (strobili) are visible on the plant. Cones have overlapping scales that are initially tightly closed, then spread apart to open the cone and release pollen. Include cones that are unopened or open, but do not include wilted or dried cones that have already released all of their pollen.
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How many fresh pollen cones are present?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Open pollen cones
One or more open, fresh, male pollen cones (strobili) are visible on the plant. Cones are considered "open" when the scales have spread apart to release pollen. Do not include wilted or dried cones that have already released all of their pollen.

What percentage of all fresh pollen cones (unopened plus open) on the plant are open?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5-24%
  • 25-49%
  • 50-74%
  • 75-94%
  • 95% or more
Pollen release
One or more male cones (strobili) on the plant release visible pollen grains when gently shaken or blown into your palm or onto a dark surface.
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How much pollen is released?

  • Little: Only a few grains are released.
  • Some: Many grains are released.
  • Lots: A layer of pollen covers your palm, or a cloud of pollen can be seen in the air when the wind blows

Seed cones Unripe seed cones
One or more unripe, female seed cones are visible on the plant. For Abies grandis, an unripe seed cone is yellowish-green or occasionally greenish-purple, dark blue, deep purple or gray with scales closed together.
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How many seed cones are unripe?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Ripe seed cones
One or more ripe, female seed cones are visible on the plant. For Abies grandis, a seed cone is considered ripe when it has turned brown and the scales have begun to separate and fall from the cone, releasing the seeds. Do not include cones that have already dropped all of their seeds.
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How many seed cones are ripe?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Recent cone or seed drop
One or more seed cones or seeds have dropped or been removed from the plant since your last visit. Do not include empty seed cones that had long ago dropped all of their seeds but remained on the plant.
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How many seed cones have dropped seeds or have completely dropped or been removed from the plant since your last visit?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
What do these phenophases look like?

There is currently no photoguide available for this species. If you'd like help us create one, use the guidance document and species template provided here. Then send it via email to education@usanpn.org when it is complete.

ITIS information for grand fir (ITIS TSN: 183284 )
USDA PLANTS profile for grand fir (USDA Symbol: ABGR )