Lythrum salicaria

Even though purple loosestrife is a highly invasive and disruptive non-native plant in aquatic ecosystems, beekeepers consider its late-season flowers a source of nectar and pollen for overwintering colonies of bees.
Photo Credit: © Robert H. Mohlenbrock, USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database/USDA SCS. 1989. Midwest wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. Midwest National Technical Center, Lincoln.
Lythrum salicaria
Common Name: purple loosestrife
Other Common Names: purple lythrum, rainbow weed, salicaire, spiked loosestrife
Plant Functional Group: Forb
Class > Order > Family: Magnoliopsida > Myrtales > Lythraceae
What does the species look like?

Purple loosestrife is an erect, single to multiple, annual-stemmed (30 to 50 stems), herbaceous plant to subshrub having creeping, perennial rootstock, and growing 2 to 10 feet tall. Its smallish, magenta to reddish-purple flowers have both male and female parts, and are densely arranged along a showy spike. The flowers are pollinated by insects.

Purple loosestrife is a plant of semi-aquatic and aquatic sites on a wide range of soil types, preferring sun but growing in partial shade. It inhabits shallow water wetlands, including freshwater wet meadows and floodplain pastures, swamps and bogs, tidal and non-tidal marshes and estuaries, irrigation ditches, river and streambanks, pond edges, and reservoirs.
Where is the species found?
States & Provinces
AB, AL, AR, BC, CA, CO, CT, DC, DE, IA, ID, IL, IN, KS, KY, MA, MB, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, MT, NB, NC, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NL, NM, NS, NV, NY, OH, OK, ON, OR, PA, PE, QC, RI, SD, SK, TN, TX, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY
Special Considerations for Observing

If drought seems to be the cause of leaf senescence for a plant, please make a comment about it for that observation.
Which phenophases should I observe?
Do you see...?
Leaves Initial growth
New growth of the plant is visible after a period of no growth (winter or drought), either from above-ground buds with green tips, or new green or white shoots breaking through the soil surface. Growth is considered "initial" on each bud or shoot until the first leaf has fully unfolded. For seedlings, "initial" growth includes the presence of the one or two small, round or elongated leaves (cotyledons) before the first true leaf has unfolded.
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Leaves
One or more live, fully unfolded leaves are visible on the plant. For seedlings, consider only true leaves and do not count the one or two small, round or elongated leaves (cotyledons) that are found on the stem almost immediately after the seedling germinates. Do not include fully dried or dead leaves.
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Flowers Flowers or flower buds
One or more fresh open or unopened flowers or flower buds are visible on the plant. Include flower buds or inflorescences that are swelling or expanding, but do not include those that are tightly closed and not actively growing (dormant). Also do not include wilted or dried flowers.
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How many flowers and flower buds are present? For species in which individual flowers are clustered in flower heads, spikes or catkins (inflorescences), simply estimate the number of flower heads, spikes or catkins and not the number of individual flowers.

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • More than 1,000
Open flowers
One or more open, fresh flowers are visible on the plant. Flowers are considered "open" when the reproductive parts (male stamens or female pistils) are visible between or within unfolded or open flower parts (petals, floral tubes or sepals). Do not include wilted or dried flowers.
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What percentage of all fresh flowers (buds plus unopened plus open) on the plant are open? For species in which individual flowers are clustered in flower heads, spikes or catkins (inflorescences), estimate the percentage of all individual flowers that are open.

  • Less than 5%
  • 5-24%
  • 25-49%
  • 50-74%
  • 75-94%
  • 95% or more
Fruits Fruits
One or more fruits are visible on the plant. For Lythrum salicaria, the fruit is a capsule that changes from green to dark brown and splits open to expose the seeds. Do not include empty capsules that have already dropped all of their seeds.
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How many fruits are present?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • More than 1,000
Ripe fruits
One or more ripe fruits are visible on the plant. For Lythrum salicaria, a fruit is considered ripe when it has turned dark brown. Do not include empty capsules that have already dropped all of their seeds.
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What percentage of all fruits (unripe plus ripe) on the plant are ripe?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5-24%
  • 25-49%
  • 50-74%
  • 75-94%
  • 95% or more
Recent fruit or seed drop
One or more mature fruits or seeds have dropped or been removed from the plant since your last visit. Do not include obviously immature fruits that have dropped before ripening, such as in a heavy rain or wind, or empty fruits that had long ago dropped all of their seeds but remained on the plant.
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How many mature fruits have dropped seeds or have completely dropped or been removed from the plant since your last visit?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • More than 1,000
What do these phenophases look like?

There is currently no photoguide available for this species. If you'd like help us create one, use the guidance document and species template provided here. Then send it via email to education@usanpn.org when it is complete.

USDA PLANTS profile for purple loosestrife (USDA Symbol: LYSA2 )