Pinus resinosa

Photo Credit: Keith Kanoti, Maine Forest Service, Bugwood.org
Pinus resinosa
Common Name: red pine
Other Common Names: norway pine
Plant Functional Group: Pine
Class > Order > Family: Pinopsida > Pinales > Pinaceae
Where is the species found?
States & Provinces
CT, IL, IN, MA, MB, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, NB, NC, NH, NJ, NL, NS, NY, ON, PA, PE, QC, RI, VA, VT, WI, WV
Which phenophases should I observe?
Do you see...?
Needles Emerging needles
One or more emerging needles or needle bundles (fascicles) are visible on the plant. A needle or needle bundle is considered "emerging" once the green tip is visible along the newly developing stem (candle), but before the needles have begun to unfold and spread away at an angle from others in the bundle.
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How many needle bundles are emerging?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Young needles
One or more young, unfolded needles are visible on the plant. A needle is considered "young" and "unfolded" once it begins to spread away at an angle from other needles in the bundle (and is no longer pressed flat against them), but before it has reached full size or turned the darker green color or tougher texture of mature needles on the plant.

How many bundles with young needles are present?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Pollen cones Pollen cones
One or more fresh pollen cones (male strobili) are visible on the plant. Cones have overlapping scales that are initially tightly closed, then spread apart to open the cone and release pollen. Include cones that are unopened or open, but do not include wilted or dried cones that have already released all of their pollen.
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How many fresh pollen cones are present?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Open pollen cones
One or more open, fresh pollen cones (male strobili) are visible on the plant. Cones are considered "open" when the scales have spread apart to release pollen. Do not include wilted or dried cones that have already released all of their pollen.

What percentage of all fresh pollen cones (unopened plus open) on the plant are open?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5-24%
  • 25-49%
  • 50-74%
  • 75-94%
  • 95% or more
Pollen release
One or more pollen cones (male strobili) on the plant release visible pollen grains when gently shaken or blown into your palm or onto a dark surface.
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How much pollen is released?

  • Little: Only a few grains are released.
  • Some: Many grains are released.
  • Lots: A layer of pollen covers your palm, or a cloud of pollen can be seen in the air when the wind blows

Seed cones Seed cones
One or more seed cones (female strobili) are visible on the plant. For Pinus resinosa, the seed cone is first visible near the end of a branch as a small conelet covered with soft, green or reddish, leaf-like bracts. As it enlarges, it hardens and changes from green or purple to brown, and scales spread apart to expose the winged seeds. Do not include empty cones that have already dropped all of their seeds.

How many seed cones are present?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
Ripe seed cones
One or more ripe seed cones (female strobili) are visible on the plant. For Pinus resinosa, a seed cone is considered ripe when it has turned brown and the scales have begun to spread apart to expose the winged seeds inside. Do not include empty cones that have already dropped all of their seeds.
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What percentage of all seed cones (unripe plus ripe) on the plant are ripe?

  • Less than 5%
  • 5-24%
  • 25-49%
  • 50-74%
  • 75-94%
  • 95% or more
Recent cone or seed drop
One or more seed cones or seeds have dropped or been removed from the plant since your last visit. Do not include empty seed cones that had long ago dropped all of their seeds but remained on the plant.
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How many seed cones have dropped seeds or have completely dropped or been removed from the plant since your last visit?

  • Less than 3
  • 3 to 10
  • 11 to 100
  • 101 to 1,000
  • 1,001 to 10,000
  • More than 10,000
What do these phenophases look like?

There is currently no photoguide available for this species. If you'd like help us create one, use the guidance document and species template provided here. Then send it via email to education@usanpn.org when it is complete.

ITIS information for red pine (ITIS TSN: 183375 )
USDA PLANTS profile for red pine (USDA Symbol: PIRE )